# Avalon Health Economics

> Healthcare consultancy specializing in Health Economics & Outcomes Research (HEOR), litigation economics, policy and regulatory analysis, data science, management strategy consulting, and expert witness services. Independent research and peer-reviewed publications since 2011, headquartered in Morristown, NJ.

Avalon serves life sciences companies, healthcare providers, payers, attorneys, and government agencies. Our team includes economists, biostatisticians, epidemiologists, and clinical experts who publish in peer-reviewed journals and testify in litigation and policy contexts.

## About

- [About Avalon Health Economics](https://avalonecon.com/about): Company overview, mission, history, leadership
- [Experts](https://avalonecon.com/experts): Senior expert witnesses and litigation consultants
- [Team](https://avalonecon.com/team): Full team directory
- [Contact](https://avalonecon.com/contact): Inquiry form and office contact

## Practice Areas

- [Health Economics & Outcomes Research](https://avalonecon.com/health-economics-outcomes-research): Cost-effectiveness analysis, budget-impact models, market access, payer research, HTA submissions, real-world evidence
- [Litigation Economics](https://avalonecon.com/litigation-economics): Damages calculations, forensic economics, expert testimony, life care plans, medical billing review, fair market value, product liability
- [Data Science & Statistical Modeling](https://avalonecon.com/data-science-statistical-modelling): Biostatistics, epidemiology, simulation modeling, public-health data analysis, real-world data studies
- [Policy & Regulatory Analysis](https://avalonecon.com/policy-regulatory-analysis): Medicare/Medicaid cost analysis, regulatory impact, health policy research, government and trade-association support
- [Management & Strategy Consulting](https://avalonecon.com/management-strategy-consulting): Strategic planning, market scoping, business strategy for medical device, diagnostics, and pharmaceutical companies
- [Services Overview](https://avalonecon.com/services): Index of all practice areas

## Issue Briefs (61)

In-house research briefs on health economics, policy, litigation, and clinical innovation. Authored by Avalon staff.

- [Women and the Affordable Care Act](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/women-and-the-affordable-care-act-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 7)
- [Will an Unravelling of the Affordable Care Act Result in Meaningful Organizational Changes in U.S. Medical Care? Implications for Economic Evaluation of Drugs & Devices](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/will-an-unravelling-of-the-affordable-care-act-result-in-meaningful-organizational-changes-in-us-medical-care-implications-for-economic-evaluation-of-drugs-devices-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 36)
- [Why are Healthcare Charges So Much Higher Than Reasonable Value? The Real Reasons May Surprise You](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/why-are-healthcare-charges-so-much-higher-than-reasonable-value-the-real-reasons-may-surprise-you-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 61)
- [Why Medical Device Companies Need to Develop Economic Evidence in the U.S.](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/why-medical-device-companies-need-to-develop-economic-evidence-in-the-us-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 33)
- [What is the Reasonable Value of Future Medical Care?](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/what-is-the-reasonable-value-of-future-medical-care-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 44)
- [What are “Hedonic Damages,” and Should They Matter in Litigation?](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/what-are-hedonic-damages-and-should-they-matter-in-litigation-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 56)
- [What are the Health Consequences of Psychiatric Hospital Closures?](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/what-are-the-health-consequences-of-psychiatric-hospital-closures-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 19)
- [What Do Economists have to Say About Liability?](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/what-do-economists-have-to-say-about-liability-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 55)
- [Value-Based Purchasing for Hospital Services in the U.S.](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/value-based-purchasing-for-hospital-services-in-the-us-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 11)
- [Value-Based Payment for Oncology Services](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/value-based-payment-for-oncology-services-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 34)
- [Using Publicly-Available Health Care Databases to Value & Price Medical Care Services](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/using-publicly-available-health-care-databases-to-value-price-medical-care-services-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 1)
- [Using Payer Research to Assess Medical Device Market Access](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/using-payer-research-to-assess-medical-device-market-access-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 42)
- [U.S. Health Care Costs: Disentangling Underlying Trends from the Effects of the Affordable Care Act](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/us-health-care-costs-disentangling-underlying-trends-from-the-effects-of-the-affordable-care-act-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 8)
- [Training the Health Economics and Outcomes Research Workforce of the Future: Opportunities for Program Development in Colleges and Universities](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/training-the-health-economics-and-outcomes-research-workforce-of-the-future-opportunities-for-program-development-in-colleges-and-universities-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 4)
- [Tobacco Butts and Litter Costs](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/tobacco-butts-and-litter-costs-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 5)
- [The Value of Biopharmaceutical Innovation in the U.S.](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/the-value-of-biopharmaceutical-innovation-in-the-us-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 38)
- [The State of the Union and Innovation in Molecular Diagnostics](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/the-state-of-the-union-and-innovation-in-molecular-diagnostics-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 24)
- [The Rise of Litigation Funding and Medical Funding in Personal Injury and Product Liability Lawsuits](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/the-rise-of-litigation-funding-and-medical-funding-in-personal-injury-and-product-liability-lawsuits-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 54)
- [The New Era of Cost Control in Healthcare: What Should you look for in a Health Economics and Outcomes Research Consultant?](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/the-new-era-of-cost-control-in-healthcare-what-should-you-look-for-in-a-health-economics-and-outcomes-research-consultant-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 27)
- [The Long Reach of a Devastating Virus](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/the-long-reach-of-a-devastating-virus-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 22)
- [The Evolving Role of the New Generation of Molecular Diagnostics in U.S. Health Markets: Development, Clinical Integration, and Evaluation](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/the-evolving-role-of-the-new-generation-of-molecular-diagnostics-in-us-health-markets-development-clinical-integration-and-evaluation-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 15)
- [The Evolving Landscape of U.S. Payer Coverage Decisions: The Role of Health Economics and Outcomes Research](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/the-evolving-landscape-of-us-payer-coverage-decisions-the-role-of-health-economics-and-outcomes-research-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 37)
- [The Economics of Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/the-economics-of-ovarian-cancer-diagnosis-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 12)
- [The Declining Health of the Local Market: When and How Should Your Health Care Business Expand into New Markets](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/the-declining-health-of-the-local-market-when-and-how-should-your-health-care-business-expand-into-new-markets-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 3)
- [The Costs of Antibiotic Resistance and the Need for Antibiotic Stewardship](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/the-costs-of-antibiotic-resistance-and-the-need-for-antibiotic-stewardship-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 18)
- [The Coronavirus: How Bad is it, Really?](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/the-coronavirus-how-bad-is-it-really-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 45)
- [Telehealth and Telemedicine in the Post-Pandemic Era](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/telehealth-and-telemedicine-in-the-post-pandemic-era-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 51)
- [Smoke, Mirrors, and Wild Geese: What Should Be the Future Directions of HEOR in the 2020s?](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/smoke-mirrors-and-wild-geese-what-should-be-the-future-directions-of-heor-in-the-2020s-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 40)
- [Return-on-Investment of Workplace Health Promotion Programs](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/return-on-investment-of-workplace-health-promotion-programs-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 17)
- [Reshaping the Clinical Laboratory in the Era of Patient-Centered Outcomes, Accountable Care Organizations, and Pharmacogenomics](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/reshaping-the-clinical-laboratory-in-the-era-of-patient-centered-outcomes-accountable-care-organizations-and-pharmacogenomics-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 10)
- [Reference Pricing for in vivo and in vitro Diagnostic Tests](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/reference-pricing-for-in-vivo-and-in-vitro-diagnostic-tests-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 32)
- [Reasonable and Fair Market Value of Medical Expenses](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/reasonable-and-fair-market-value-of-medical-expenses-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 60)
- [Purchasing Medical Innovation: The Implications for the Medical Device Industry](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/purchasing-medical-innovation-the-implications-for-the-medical-device-industry-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 31)
- [Product Liability and “Socially Optimal” Outcomes: The Importance of Analyzing Cost-Benefit Tradeoffs in Healthcare Products and Services](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/product-liability-and-socially-optimal-outcomes-the-importance-of-analyzing-cost-benefit-tradeoffs-in-healthcare-products-and-services-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 58)
- [Physician Shortages in the U.S.: Disentangling Myth, Folklore, and Fact](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/physician-shortages-in-the-us-disentangling-myth-folklore-and-fact-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 30)
- [Paying for Specialty Pharmaceuticals: The Case of Injectable Oncology Drugs](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/paying-for-specialty-pharmaceuticals-the-case-of-injectable-oncology-drugs-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 26)
- [One Year into the Pandemic: Where are we Now?](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/one-year-into-the-pandemic-where-are-we-now-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 52)
- [Nutrition Policy & Food Labeling in the U.S.: A Review & Update](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/nutrition-policy-food-labeling-in-the-us-a-review-update-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 14)
- [Nobody Pays Retail: A Primer on Valuing Medical Care Bills](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/nobody-pays-retail-a-primer-on-valuing-medical-care-bills-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 2)
- [Moving Beyond ‘Lives-Saved’ From COVID-19](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/moving-beyond-lives-saved-from-covid-19-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 50)
- [Medical Device Economics and the Health System Purchaser in the Era of Novel Payment Mechanisms](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/medical-device-economics-and-the-health-system-purchaser-in-the-era-of-novel-payment-mechanisms-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 35)
- [Integration of Novel Diagnostics into Clinical Practice](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/integration-of-novel-diagnostics-into-clinical-practice-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 25)
- [How Should Health Care Providers Measure and Market the Value of their Services?](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/how-should-health-care-providers-measure-and-market-the-value-of-their-services-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 23)
- [How Important is ICER Preparation and Review for U.S. Market Access?](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/how-important-is-icer-preparation-and-review-for-us-market-access-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 43)
- [How Big a Problem is Health Care Fraud and Abuse, and How Can We Detect It?](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/how-big-a-problem-is-health-care-fraud-and-abuse-and-how-can-we-detect-it-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 9)
- [Healthcare Use Cases for Blockchain Technology](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/healthcare-use-cases-for-blockchain-technology-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 41)
- [Health Care Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/health-care-reform-in-sub-saharan-africa-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 21)
- [Health Care Costs and Value: An International Perspective](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/health-care-costs-and-value-an-international-perspective-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 6)
- [Fad Diets and Nutrition: What’s all the Fuss about Gluten?](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/fad-diets-and-nutrition-whats-all-the-fuss-about-gluten-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 28)
- [Environmental Health Update: Ending our Love Affair with Styrofoam](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/environmental-health-update-ending-our-love-affair-with-styrofoam-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 20)
- [Electronic Medical Records: Potential Issues in Litigation and Biomedical Research](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/electronic-medical-records-potential-issues-in-litigation-and-biomedical-research-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 48)
- [Economic Evaluation and Market Access for Medical Devices in the U.S.: Implications of a U.S. Health Technology Assessment Agency](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/economic-evaluation-and-market-access-for-medical-devices-in-the-us-implications-of-a-us-health-technology-assessment-agency-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 53)
- [Economic Cycles and Product Development in Life Sciences](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/economic-cycles-and-product-development-in-life-sciences-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 49)
- [E-Cigarettes and Tobacco Policy](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/e-cigarettes-and-tobacco-policy-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 16)
- [Current Topics in Public Health: Heroin’s Revival](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/current-topics-in-public-health-heroins-revival-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 13)
- [Controlling the Costs of Clinical Laboratory Testing in Medical Practice](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/controlling-the-costs-of-clinical-laboratory-testing-in-medical-practice-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 29)
- [Can the Total be Greater than the Sum of the Parts? Assessing Damages in Product Liability](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/can-the-total-be-greater-than-the-sum-of-the-parts-assessing-damages-in-product-liability) (Issue Brief No. 59)
- [COVID-19: Update on Epidemiology & Costs](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/covid-19-update-on-epidemiology-costs-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 46)
- [Avalon Health Economics at the 20th Annual European Conference of ISPOR](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/avalon-health-economics-at-the-20th-annual-european-conference-of-ispor-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 39)
- [Attributable Risk and Attributable Fraction: Litigation Applications](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/attributable-risk-and-attributable-fraction-litigation-applications-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 57)
- [Applications of HEOR Analytics: Covariate-Adjusted Analysis of Phase 3 Clinical Trial Data of Lenvatinib versus Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs/applications-of-heor-analytics-covariate-adjusted-analysis-of-phase-3-clinical-trial-data-of-lenvatinib-versus-sorafenib-in-hepatocellular-carcinoma-avalon-health-economics-llc) (Issue Brief No. 47)

## Peer-Reviewed Publications (33)

Journal articles and academic papers by Avalon team members. Links resolve to publisher sites or the on-site publication detail page.

- [Schneider, J.E, The Economics of Pain: Regulation, Product Liability, and the Opioid Crisis (Forthcoming 2026)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/economics-of-pain-regulation-product-liability-opioid-crisis) — Palgrave Macmillan, 2026
- [Cooper J.T., Schneider J.E., Economic Evaluation of a Novel MicroRNA-Based Assay to Determine Risk of Late Genitourinary Radiation Toxicity in Patients With Prostate Cancer (2025)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/economic-evaluation-novel-microrna-based-assay-genitourinary-radiation-toxicity-prostate-cancer) — J Health Econ Outcomes Res. 2025 Dec 16;12(2)
- [Hackworth, J.C., J.E. Schneider, M. Do Valle, D. Fam, C. Argoff, E. Offidani, et al., The burden of acute pain in the U.S. in the wake of the opioid crisis (2025)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/burden-acute-pain-us-wake-opioid-crisis) — Front Pain Res 2025 Vol. 6
- [Briggs, A.H., A. Doyle-Connolly, J. Schneider, T. Podkonjak, H. Taylor, E. Roffe, et al., An Attribution of Value Framework for Combination Treatments (2025)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/attribution-value-framework-combination-treatments) — Value in Health 2025 Vol. 28 Issue 1
- [Schneider, J.E., S. Davies, M. Do Valle, N. Chami, P. C. Pagano, D. Anderson, et al., Cost-effectiveness analysis of LungLB for the clinical management of patients with indeterminate pulmonary nodules (2023)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/cost-effectiveness-analysis-lunglb-clinical-management-indeterminate-pulmonary-nodules) — J Med Econ 2023 Vol. 26 Issue 1
- [Appelbaum, P.S., S. M. Berger, E. Brokamp, H. S. Brown, W. Burke, E. W. Clayton, et al., Practical considerations for reinterpretation of individual genetic variants (2023)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/practical-considerations-reinterpretation-individual-genetic-variants) — Genet Med 2023 Vol. 25 Issue 5
- [Lam, J., J.E. Schneider, R. Shadbegian, F. Pega, S. St Claire and T.E. Novotny, Modelling the global economic costs of tobacco product waste (2022)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/modelling-global-economic-costs-tobacco-product-waste) — Bull World Health Organ 2022 Vol. 100 Issue 10
- [Briggs, A.H., A. Howarth, S. Davies, J.E. Schneider, G. Spentzouris, F. Mughal, et al., Challenges for decision-makers when assessing within-class comparative effectiveness: the case of anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation (2022)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/challenges-decision-makers-within-class-comparative-effectiveness-anticoagulation-therapy) — J Comp Eff Res 2022
- [Bisognano, J., J.E. Schneider, S. Davies, R.L. Ohsfeldt, E. Galle, I. Stojanovic, et al., Cost-impact analysis of baroreflex activation therapy in chronic heart failure patients in the United States (2021)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/cost-impact-analysis-baroreflex-activation-therapy-chronic-heart-failure-patients-us) — BMC Cardiovasc Disorders 2021 Vol. 21 Issue 1
- [Veenstra, D.L., J. W. Rowe, J. A. Pagán, H. S. Brown, J.E. Schneider, A. Gupta, et al., Reimbursement for genetic variant reinterpretation: five questions payers should ask (2021)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/reimbursement-genetic-variant-reinterpretation-five-questions-payers-should-ask) — Am J Manag Care 2021 Vol. 27 Issue 10
- [Dick, K., J.E. Schneider, A.H. Briggs, P. Lecomte, S.A. Regnier and M. Lean, Mendelian randomization: estimation of inpatient hospital costs attributable to obesity (2021)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/mendelian-randomization-estimation-inpatient-hospital-costs-attributable-obesity) — Health Econ Rev 2021 Vol. 11 Issue 1
- [Pagán, J.A., H.S. Brown, J. Rowe, J.E. Schneider, D.L. Veenstra, A. Gupta, et al., Genetic Variant Reinterpretation: Economic and Population Health Management Challenges (2021)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/genetic-variant-reinterpretation-economic-population-health-management-challenges) — Population Health Management 2021 Vol. 24 Issue 3
- [Schneider, J.E., J. Romanowsky, P. Schuetz, I. Stojanovic, et al., Cost Impact Model of a Novel Multi-mRNA Host Response Assay for Diagnosis and Risk Assessment of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections and Sepsis in the Emergency Department (2020)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/cost-impact-model-novel-multi-mrna-host-response-assay-acute-respiratory-tract-infections-sepsis) — Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research 2020 Vol. 7 Issue 1
- [Cooper, J.T., A. Lloyd, J. J. G. Sanchez, E. Sörstadius, A.H. Briggs and P. McFarlane. Health related quality of life utility weights for economic evaluation through different stages of chronic kidney disease: a systematic literature review (2020)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/health-related-quality-of-life-utility-weights-economic-evaluation-chronic-kidney-disease) — Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020 Vol. 18:1
- [Dick, K., A.H. Briggs, R.L. Ohsfeldt, T. Sydendal Grand and S. Buchs, A quality-of-life mapping function developed from a grass pollen sublingual immunotherapy trial to a tree pollen sublingual immunotherapy trial (2020)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/quality-of-life-mapping-function-grass-pollen-sublingual-immunotherapy-tree-pollen) — J Med Econ 2020 Vol. 23 Issue 1
- [Schneider, J.E., C.M. Scheibling, N.A. Peterson, P.S. Granados, L. Fulton and T.E. Novotny, Online Simulation Model to Estimate the Total Costs of Tobacco Product Waste in Large U.S. Cities (2020)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/online-simulation-model-estimate-total-costs-tobacco-product-waste-large-us-cities) — Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020 Vol. 17 Issue 13
- [Schneider, J.E., J. Cooper, C. Scheibling and A. Parikh, Economic evaluation of passive monitoring technology for seniors (2019)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/economic-evaluation-passive-monitoring-technology-seniors) — Aging Clin Exp Res 2019
- [Schneider, J.E., A. Parikh and I. Stojanovic, Impact of a Novel Insulin Management Service on Non-insulin Pharmaceutical Expenses (2018)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/impact-novel-insulin-management-service-non-insulin-pharmaceutical-expenses) — J Health Econ Outcomes Res 2018 Vol. 6 Issue 1 53-62
- [Ohsfeldt, R.L., T.R. Miller, J E. Schneider and C.M. Scheibling, Cost impact of unexpected disposition after orthopedic ambulatory surgery associated with category of anesthesia provider (2016)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/cost-impact-unexpected-disposition-orthopedic-ambulatory-surgery-anesthesia-provider) — J Clin Anesthesia 2016 Vol. 35
- [Schuetz, P., R. Balk, M. Briel, A. Kutz, M. Christ-Crain, D. Stolz, et al., Economic evaluation of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy in acute respiratory infections: a US health system perspective (2015)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/economic-evaluation-procalcitonin-guided-antibiotic-therapy-acute-respiratory-infections-us) — Clin Chem Lab Med 2015 Vol. 53 Issue 4
- [Ohsfeldt, R.L., P. Li and J E. Schneider, In-office magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment ownership and MRI volume among Medicare patients in orthopedic practices (2015)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/in-office-mri-equipment-ownership-mri-volume-medicare-patients-orthopedic-practices) — Health Econ Rev 2015 Vol. 5 Issue 1
- [Davies, A., A.H. Briggs, J.E. Schneider, A. Levy, O. Ebeid, S. Wagner, et al., The Ends Justify the Mean: Outcome Measures for Estimating the Value of New Cancer Therapies (2012)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/ends-justify-mean-outcome-measures-estimating-value-new-cancer-therapies) — Health Outcomes Research in Medicine 2012 Vol. 3 Issue 1
- [Schneider, J.E., R.L. Ohsfeldt, C.M. Scheibling and S.A. Jeffers, Organizational boundaries of medical practice: the case of physician ownership of ancillary services (2012)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/organizational-boundaries-medical-practice-physician-ownership-ancillary-services) — Health Econ Rev 2012 Vol. 2 Issue 1
- [Schneider, J.E., P. Li and R.L. Ohsfeldt, The Effects of Endogenous Market Entry of Physician-Owned Hospitals on Medicare Expenditures: An Instrumental Variables Approach (2011)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/effects-endogenous-market-entry-physician-owned-hospitals-medicare-expenditures) — Contemporary Economic Policy 2011 Vol. 29 Issue 2
- [Schneider, J.E., P. Li, D. G. Klepser, N. A. Peterson, T. T. Brown and R. M. Scheffler, The effect of physician and health plan market concentration on prices in commercial health insurance markets (2008)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/effect-physician-health-plan-market-concentration-prices-commercial-health-insurance) — Int J Health Care Finance Econ 2008 Vol. 8 Issue 1 13-26
- [Schneider, J.E., T.R. Miller, R.L. Ohsfeldt, M.A. Morrisey, B.A. Zelner and P. Li, The economics of specialty hospitals (2008)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/economics-specialty-hospitals) — Med Care Res Rev 2008 Vol. 65 Issue 5
- [Schneider, J.E., R.L. Ohsfeldt, M.A. Morrisey, P. Li, T.R. Miller and B.A. Zelner, Effects of specialty hospitals on the financial performance of general hospitals, 1997-2004 (2007)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/effects-specialty-hospitals-financial-performance-general-hospitals-1997-2004) — Inquiry 2007 Vol. 44 Issue 3
- [Ohsfeldt, R.L. and J.E. Schneider, The Business of Health: The Role of Competition, Markets, and Regulation (2006)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/business-of-health-role-competition-markets-regulation) — AEI Press 2006
- [Schneider, J.E., N.A. Peterson, T.E. Vaughn, E.N. Mooss and B.N. Doebbeling, Clinical practice guidelines and organizational adaptation: a framework for analyzing economic effects (2006)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/clinical-practice-guidelines-organizational-adaptation-framework-analyzing-economic-effects) — Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2006 Vol. 22 Issue 1
- [Schneider, J.E., R.J. Reid, N.A. Peterson, J.B. Lowe and J. Hughey, Tobacco outlet density and demographics at the tract level of analysis in Iowa: implications for environmentally based prevention initiatives (2005)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/tobacco-outlet-density-demographics-tract-level-iowa-environmentally-based-prevention) — Prev Sci 2005 Vol. 6 Issue 4
- [Ohsfeldt, R.L., M.M. Ward, J.E. Schneider, M. Jaana, T.R. Miller, Y. Lei, et al., Implementation of hospital computerized physician order entry systems in a rural state: feasibility and financial impact (2005)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/implementation-hospital-computerized-physician-order-entry-systems-rural-state) — J Am Med Inform Assoc 2005 Vol. 12 Issue 1
- [Schneider, J.E., Changes in the Effects of Mandatory Rate Regulation On Growth in Hospital Operating Costs, 1980–1996 (2003)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/changes-effects-mandatory-rate-regulation-growth-hospital-operating-costs-1980-1996) — Review of Industrial Organization 2003 Vol. 22 Issue 4 297-312
- [Schneider, J.E., J. Cromwell and T.P. McGuire, Excluded facility financial status and options for payment system modification (1993)](https://avalonecon.com/publications/excluded-facility-financial-status-options-payment-system-modification) — Health Care Finance Rev 1993 Vol. 15 Issue 2

## News & Events (7)

- [New Book](https://avalonecon.com/news/new-book)
- [Avalon at FDLA](https://avalonecon.com/news/avalon-at-fdla)
- [Avalon at ALFA](https://avalonecon.com/news/avalon-at-alfa)
- [Avalon at ISPOR](https://avalonecon.com/news/avalon-at-ispor)
- [Avalon at FDCC](https://avalonecon.com/news/avalon-at-fdcc)
- [Avalon at AdvaMed](https://avalonecon.com/news/avalon-at-advamed)
- [Avalon at PLAC](https://avalonecon.com/news/avalon-at-plac)

## Optional

- [News index](https://avalonecon.com/news): Browsable list of conference appearances and announcements
- [Issue Briefs index](https://avalonecon.com/issue-briefs): Browsable list of all research briefs
- [Publications index](https://avalonecon.com/publications): Browsable list of peer-reviewed papers
- [XML Sitemap](https://avalonecon.com/sitemap.xml): Machine-readable sitemap of all indexed pages